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Irving T. Bush

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"Irving Bush" redirects here. For the musician, see Irving Bush (trumpeter).

Irving Ter Bush
Irving T. Bush, founder of Bush Terminal, Bush Tower, and Bush House
Born(1869-07-12)July 12, 1869
Ridgeway, Lenawee County, Michigan, U.S.
DiedOctober 21, 1948(1948-10-21) (aged 79)
New York City, New York, U.S.
OccupationBusiness
Spouses
Parent(s)Rufus T. Bush
Sarah M. (Hall) Bush

Irving Ter Bush (July 12, 1869 – October 21, 1948) was an American businessman. He was the son of the wealthy industrialist, oil refinery owner, and yachtsman Rufus T. Bush.

As founder of the Bush Terminal Company, Bush was responsible for the construction of the massive Bush Terminal transportation, warehousing, and manufacturing facility in Sunset Park, Brooklyn, New York City, which employed more than 25,000 people within its boundaries. Bush also commissioned Manhattan's landmark Bush Tower skyscraper on 42nd Street near New York City's Times Square and funded the construction of Bush House in London. A prolific author, his life and works attracted attention from the national press, influential figures, and major publishers and journalists.

Early life

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Irving T. Bush's family name comes from Jan Bosch, a native of the Netherlands, who immigrated to New Amsterdam (now New York) in 1662.[1]

Early years

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Born in Ridgeway, Lenawee County, Michigan, a small town southwest of Detroit, Bush moved with his family at a young age to Brooklyn, New York, at the time an independent city. When he was in his teens, his father sold his Brooklyn waterfront oil refinery to Standard Oil and retired.[2] Bush was educated at The Hill School, a boarding school outside Philadelphia, and joined his father's firm at age 19.[3]

The two-masted schooner yacht Coronet, a 136-foot (41 m) vessel that Rufus had built during the mid-1880s, influenced Irving's life, for the ocean race between the Coronet and the yacht Dauntless in March 1887 made Rufus T. Bush and the victorious Coronet famous—the New York Times devoted its entire first page for March 28, 1887 to the story.[4] Rufus and Irving then circumnavigated the globe on the Coronet in 1888. Though they traveled overland and did not join the yacht until it arrived in San Diego in 1889, the Coronet was the first registered yacht to cross Cape Horn from East to West.[5] After crossing the Pacific Ocean, the Coronet stopped in China, Calcutta, Malta (and elsewhere), giving him a view of the world that few had at the time.[6][7] The Coronet was sold before Rufus's death in 1890,[4] when Rufus accidentally drank a fatal dose of aconite. Rufus T. Bush left an estate estimated at $2,000,000 to his wife and two sons.[8] The family heirs quickly incorporated under the name The Bush Co.[2] Bush, as a 21-year-old clerk for Standard Oil, could have lived off his inherited wealth and retired from the business life.[9]

Motion pictures

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Bush was chair of the Continental Commerce Co., which had exclusive rights to market Thomas Edison's Kinetoscope overseas. The kinetoscope was the earliest motion picture viewer. Unlike later movie projectors, kinetoscopes could show a moving image to only one person at a time. The Continental Commerce Co. opened the first licensed European kinetoscope parlor in London in 1894.[10]

Bush Terminal

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Bush Terminal in New York City was the largest industrial facility of its kind, with over 40 miles of railroad track that could handle up to 50,000 freight cars at a time[11]
Bush Tower, a pioneering skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan, designated on the National Register of Historic Places and as a New York City Landmark
Bush House, originally an international trade center, and at the time of its construction the most expensive building in the world
Main article: Bush Terminal

Bush's connection with Edison's motion pictures was brief. Soon after, during the mid-1890s, Bush started the planning and construction of Bush Terminal on the Brooklyn waterfront site where his father's former oil refinery had been located. [12]

To induce railroads to use his car floats, (i.e. using the barges that transported railroad cars across New York Harbor), Bush had to resort to ordering dozens of carloads of hay from Michigan himself. To show shippers that using the wharves and warehouses at the new terminal could be profitable, Bush entered the banana business. Within two decades, the complex originally derided as "Bush's Folly" [3] became a great success. Though the complex was seized for government use during the First World War by Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt, Bush complied with government demands. He even helped to design the Brooklyn Army Terminal for General Goethals in 1918.[3][13]

Bush was named Chief Executive of the War Board of the Port of New York in 1917, during World War I.[14][15] This would later become the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.[3]

During this period before and during World War I, Bush planned and had built Bush Tower, a landmark 30-story Neo-Gothic skyscraper on 42nd Street in Manhattan, just east of Times Square.[16][17] The tower was conceived as display space for the manufacturers and shippers of Bush Terminal and New York. An even more ambitious venture was Bush's attempt to meld commercial displays and social space in London at Bush House, an elaborate and large office building built in three phases during the 1920s, but the concept was not fully carried through at that project.[18] Bush House became known around the world as the headquarters of the BBC World Service, which broadcasts in many languages. The BBC moved out in 2012.[citation needed]

New York State Chamber of Commerce

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Bush served as president of the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York from 1922[19] to 1924.[20] Prior to holding that position, Bush served as the chairman of the executive committee in the Chamber of Commerce.[19]

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Forbes, in its first, one-time "Rich List" of 1918 (before starting the annual Forbes 400 in 1982), cited Irving T. Bush "of Bush Terminal fame" as one of those "undoubtedly earning several million a year" and just less wealthy than the 30 wealthiest Americans on the list, along with William C. Durant, founder of General Motors and William Wrigley Jr., the chewing gum magnate and Chicago Cubs baseball team owner.[21]

In 1917, B.C. Forbes also placed Bush alongside Elbert Henry Gary (the namesake of Gary, Indiana). Forbes named Bush within a brief list of notable American businessmen (including hotelier Ellsworth Milton Statler) who were examples of the type of businesspeople whose "industrious, diligent, vigilant foundation-laying" could lead to successful business enterprises.[22]

Bush was frequently mentioned in newspaper and magazine articles and wrote a number of business-related stories of his own, including stories in Nation's Business,[23] Harper's Weekly,[24] and as president of the New York Chamber of Commerce, an article in Collier's.[25] Doubleday published his autobiography, Working with the World, in 1928.[26]

Contributions to art and architecture

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Within recent decades, scholarly architects have described and critiqued the buildings that Bush commissioned. Perhaps by way of expression of the Dutch ancestry of his family (and of New York), his 1905 townhouse at 28 East 64th Street in Manhattan, built by the firm of Kirby, Petit & Green, was "flamboyantly Jacobean, with a high, almost Flemish gable".[27]

Bush commissioned southern California architect Wallace Neff to design his winter home at Mountain Lake Estates in Florida, near the residence (and later tower) of his father's former business partner, Edward W. Bok. Neff, who had recently been named "architect to the stars" by the Los Angeles Times,[28] designed few houses outside California.[29]

He also commissioned the landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted Jr. to design the grounds of the Florida estate. Olmsted was known not only as the son of Central Park's designer, but among numerous other accomplishments, was notable for re-designing the White House grounds in 1930.[30]

After moving from his townhouse at East 64th Street, Bush lived in the 17-floor tower at 280 Park Avenue, Manhattan, New York, designed by Warren and Wetmore, architects of Grand Central Terminal in New York City, Michigan Central Station in Detroit and the Royal Hawaiian Hotel in Honolulu.[31][32]

Like other wealthy Americans, Bush collected art. His portrait painting of the Russian princess Maria Worontzova (a name anglicized as Vorontsov) by Franz Xaver Winterhalter was inherited by his niece, and was auctioned at Sotheby's in 2003.[33] Bush's acquisition of a portrait of Henry VII by Jehan de Perreal, a work from the early 16th century, made the news in 1929.[34]

In 1922 Bush became one of the founding trustees of New York City's Grand Central Art Galleries, an artists' cooperative established that year by John Singer Sargent, Edmund Greacen, Walter Leighton Clark, and others.[35] Also on the board were the Galleries' architect, William Adams Delano; Robert W. DeForest, president of the Metropolitan Museum of Art; Frank Logan, vice-president of the Art Institute of Chicago;[36] and Clark.[37]

Personal life

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Bush was in the news from a young age, when he was mentioned in stories of the Coronet's circumnavigation. He married Belle Barlow, with whom he had two daughters, Eleanor and Beatrice. Divorcing her, he married Maud Beard and had one son, Rufus, named after Irving's father.[citation needed]

His 1930 divorce in Reno, Nevada, and remarriage one hour later to dentist, artist, socialite, and philanthropist Marian Spore Bush made the front page of The New York Times as well as the "Milestones" section of Time magazine.[38] Irving had met Marian, a fellow Michigan expatriate, when they worked together on a breadline in New York City's impoverished Bowery during the late 1920s. After their marriage they lived at 280 Park Avenue along with Mrs. Marian Spore Bush's niece Helen Tunison, who after Irving's death, dedicated the statue of him at Bush Terminal in front of 3,000 people.[39]

Bush owned two yachts that subsequently served as patrol boats in the United States Navy. In 1917, during World War I, the navy bought his 164-foot-long (50 m) steam yacht Christabel and commissioned the vessel as the USS Christabel (SP-162), which took part in at least two actions against German U-Boats and was credited with sinking one. (See Navy History website) A sailor even won a Medal of Honor during one of these engagements. His larger 185-foot-long (56 m) diesel yacht, Coronet, built for him in Germany in 1928 and placed under his wife's name during the Great Depression, was bought by the Navy during World War II and patrolled the Caribbean as the USS Opal (Pyc-8) before being transferred to Ecuador in 1943, where it was scrapped in 1960.

Legacy

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Bush left behind Bush Terminal, which not only provided a model for intermodal transportation, but it also provided employment for thousands and their families. His Bush Tower in Manhattan and Bush House are both landmarks.

References

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  1. ^ "Bush, Rufus". The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography: Being the History of the United States as Illustrated in the Lives of the Founders, Builders, and Defenders of the Republic, and of the Men and Women who are Doing the Work and Moulding the Thought of the Present Time. Vol. 14 (Supp. 1). New York: J. T. White Company. 1910. p. 102. Retrieved November 23, 2008.
  2. ^ a b Denslow, Van Buren (January 1891). "Prominent citizens of New York: Rufus T. Bush", Magazine of Western History 13 (3): pp. 370-379
  3. ^ a b c d "Irving T. Bush Dies, Terminal FOunder; Head of Great Transportation Base in South Brooklyn-Aided Army Planning". The New York Times. October 22, 1948. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
  4. ^ a b "Coronet". Ships of the World: An Historical Encyclopedia. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 1997. pp. 123. ISBN 0-395-71556-3.
  5. ^ Lloyd, Barbara, "For the Coronet, 19th Century Glory" (June 20, 1999). The New York Times
  6. ^ "Where is the Coronet?" (April 23, 1889). The New York Times, p. 5.
  7. ^ A timeline of the yacht's history is available in PDF format at "Backgrounder: Coronet History and Milestones"
  8. ^ "Rufus T. Bush's Fatal Error" (September 16, 1890). The New York Times, p. 8
  9. ^ Copley, F. B. (October 1913). "Interesting People: Irving T. Bush", The American Magazine, 76 (4), pp. 57-59
  10. ^ Robinson, David, with Martin Scorsese (1997). From Peepshow to Palace: The Birth of American Film New York: Columbia University Press (ISBN 0231103395), p. 44.
  11. ^ Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (1995), The Encyclopedia of New York City. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, p. 171
  12. ^ "Bush, Irving T.". The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography: Being the History of the United States as Illustrated in the Lives of the Founders, Builders, and Defenders of the Republic, and of the Men and Women who are Doing the Work and Moulding the Thought of the Present Time. Vol. 14 (Supp. 1). New York: J. T. White Company. 1910. p. 102. Retrieved November 23, 2008.
  13. ^ Horsley, Carter B. (September 12, 1976). "Bush Terminal Shouldn't Be a Success but It Is". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
  14. ^ Bush, Irving T. (February 1918). "Organizing New York's Port Facilities", The American review of reviews 52 (2):
  15. ^ "I.T. BUSH HEADS PORT WAR BOARD; Will Mobilize at Once All Facilities of New York and New Jersey Sides. SECRETARY BAKER PLEASED Says Experience Now Gained Will Show How Port Should Be Managed in Peace Times". The New York Times. November 6, 1917. Retrieved November 25, 2018.
  16. ^ Bush Terminal Company (1917). Terminal International Exhibit Building & Buyers' Club New York, Redfield-Kendrick-Odell Co.
  17. ^ Stern, Robert A. M.; Gilmartin, Patrick; Mellins, Thomas (1987). New York 1930: Architecture and Urbanism Between the Two World Wars. New York: Rizzoli. p. 546. ISBN 978-0-8478-3096-1. OCLC 13860977.
  18. ^ Saint, Andrew (1984). "Americans in London: Raymond Hood and the National Radiator Building", AA Files 7, pp. 37-38
  19. ^ a b "CHAMBER ELECTS I.T. BUSH PRESIDENT; He Succeeds D.P. Kingsley as Head of Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York. GARY A VICE PRESIDENT Thomas W. Lamont Is Made Chairman of Finance Committee--Governor of Nebraska a Guest". The New York Times. May 5, 1922. Retrieved November 25, 2018.
  20. ^ "ECKER CHOSEN HEAD OF STATE CHAMBER; One-Time $4-a-Week Messenger Boy Now President of Big Commerce Organization. $3,000 GIFT FOR SECRETARY Charles T. Gwynne Gets Three Months' Leave and Promotion -- Many New Officers Elected". The New York Times. May 2, 1924. Retrieved November 25, 2018.
  21. ^ Forbes, B.C. (March 2, 1918). "Here's a list of our richest citizens and their fortunes". Forbes. Reprinted as "The First Rich List" on Forbes.com, September 27, 2002 Accessed December 7, 2008
  22. ^ Forbes, B.C. (1917) Keys to Success: Personal Efficiency. Republished by Kessinger Publishing, 2003 (on Amazon.com), p. 241.
  23. ^ Bush, Irving T. (April 1927) "Why Not Put Our Ideals to Work?" 15(4) p. 56
  24. ^ Bush, Irving T. (February 19, 1922). "When Dreams Come True", Harper's Weekly: The Independent 97 (3663)
  25. ^ The response to Bush's Collier's article is within Nation's Business (March 1923), p. 40
  26. ^ Bush, Irving T. (1928). Working with the World. Garden City, NY Doubleday, Doran & Co., p. 311
  27. ^ Stern, Robert A. M.; Gilmartin, Gregory; Massengale, John Montague (1983). New York 1900: Metropolitan Architecture and Urbanism, 1890–1915. New York: Rizzoli. p. 346. ISBN 0-8478-0511-5. OCLC 9829395.
  28. ^ Ryon, Ruth (October 2, 2005). "A Neff, but enough is enough". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 5, 2023.
  29. ^ Neff, Wallace (1989) Wallace Neff, 1895-1982: The Romance of Regional Architecture. San Marino, CA: Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery, ISBN 0-87328-128-4, p. 128
  30. ^ The Olmsted firm's project number for the Irving T. Bush residence was 07428. Plans: 1925-1926 and correspondence 1925-1928. Lawliss, Lucy, Caroline Loughlin, and Lauren Meier (2008). The Master List of Design Projects of the Olmsted Firm, 1857-1979 (2nd edition) Washington, D.C.: National Association for Olmsted Parks, National Park Service, p. 160
  31. ^ "280 Park Avenue, New York City" at Emporis.com"[usurped]
  32. ^ Manhattan: Park Avenue - 48th Street (1922) Image ID 722218F, New York Public Library Digital Gallery. Shows 290 Park Avenue (on west side of Park Avenue between 48th and 49th streets) and 280 Park beyond it.
  33. ^ "Princess Maria Vsilevna Worontzova" in Ormond, Richard, and Blackett-Ord, Carol, (1988) Franz Xaver Winterhalter and the courts of Europe, 1830-70 (London: National Portrait Gallery), p. 232 & "Princess Maria Vasilievna Worontzova" Archived October 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine (PDF of catalog available online)
  34. ^ Henry VII Portrait Acquired by Bush" (January 13, 1929) The New York Times, p. 6)
  35. ^ "Painters and Sculptors' Gallery Association to Begin Work", The New York Times, December 19, 1922
  36. ^ "Frank G. Logan (1851-1937)", Bulletin of the Art Institute of Chicago
  37. ^ http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/collection/grancent.htm%7C1934 Grand Central Art Galleries catalog
  38. ^ "Irving T. Bush Weds Miss Marian Spore in Reno One Hour After His Wife Gets Divorce Decree", The New York Times, June 10, 1930, p. 1:6; "Milestones", Time, Monday, June 16, 1930
  39. ^ "A Memorial to Founder of Bush Terminal" (June 21, 1950). The New York Times, p. 55
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